Pharmacokinetics of liposomal levamisole after oral, intramuscular, and subcutaneousadministration in sheep

Authors

HASAN SUSARFollow
İZZET KARAHANFollow

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of free and liposomal levamisole in sheep following single oral (O),intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. The study developed a levamisole liposome andinvestigated relevant parameters: particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, pH, and morphology. TheBangham method, a thin-film hydration technique, was employed to prepare the liposomal levamisole. Blood samples were collectedby jugular venipuncture in heparinized tubes immediately before each free and liposomal levamisole treatment and at 2.5, 5, 10, 15,30, 60, 90, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min and 12, 16, and 24 h after O, IM, and SC administration. Free and liposomal levamisole plasmaconcentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet (HPLC–UV). The pharmacokinetic studyshowed that the O (p: 0.036) and SC (p: 0.047) liposomal levamisole groups had higher maximum concentrations (Cmax) than the freelevamisole groups. A comparison of the liposomal administration routes revealed no significant difference in Cmax between IM and SCadministration. However, both methods showed better results than O administration. The last observed quantifiable concentration, areato the last experimental point, zero to infinite area, and total body clearance values were found to be better with IM administration thanthe other two. In conclusion, liposomal levamisole preparation provides plasma concentrations that are therapeutically effective for alonger period than free levamisole, making it more effective and convenient for treatment.

Author ORCID Identifier

HASAN SUSAR: 0000-0002-7121-1468

İZZET KARAHAN: 0000-0002-5108-7770

DOI

10.55730/1300-0128.4364

Keywords

Levamisole, liposome, HPLC, pharmacokinetic parameters

First Page

1

Last Page

10

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Recommended Citation

SUSAR, HASAN and KARAHAN, İZZET (2025) "Pharmacokinetics of liposomal levamisole after oral, intramuscular, and subcutaneousadministration in sheep," Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences: Vol. 49: No. 1, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0128.4364
Available at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol49/iss1/2