•  
  •  
 

Turkish Journal of Physics

Abstract

Sunspots are cool regions where the magnetic field is significantly stronger than in the surrounding photosphere, and their darkest central regions are known as the umbra. Umbral dots (UDs) are small, bright features within the umbra that represent convective motions partially suppressed by strong magnetic fields. In this study, high-resolution images from the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) were used to analyze four sunspots at different evolutionary stages, including two developed and two undeveloped sunspots. The physical properties of UDs, including brightness, diameter, eccentricity, lifetime, and dynamic velocity, were measured and compared across these sunspots to evaluate the influence of magnetic field on UD behavior. The results show that undeveloped sunspots have a higher mean umbral brightness than developed ones, while UDs in developed sunspots exhibit longer lifetimes, and UDs in undeveloped sunspots move with higher dynamic velocity. Furthermore, relationships between UD physical properties are more stable in developed sunspots, indicating more tightly coupled physical parameters. These findings demonstrate that UD characteristics are strongly controlled by the magnetic field and evolutionary stage of the sunspot.

Author ORCID Identifier

MUHAMMED ÇALIŞIR: 0000-0002-7416-9998

ALİ KILÇIK: 0000-0002-0094-1762

VASYL YURCHYSHYN: 0000-0003-0238-678X

DOI

10.55730/1300-0101.2947

Keywords

Developed sunspots, undeveloped sunspots, magnetic field, umbral dots, physical properties

First Page

382

Last Page

396

Publisher

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK)

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Download

Included in

Physics Commons

Share

COinS