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Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

DOI

10.3906/elk-1911-77

Abstract

Mixed-signal in-memory computation can drastically improve the efficiency of the hardware implementing machine learning (ML) algorithms by (i) removing the need to fetch neural network parameters from internal or external memory and (ii) performing a large number of multiply-accumulate operations in parallel. However, this boost in efficiency comes with some disadvantages. Among them, the inability to precisely program nonvolatile memory devices (NVM) with neural network parameters and sensitivity to noise prevent the mixed-signal hardware to perform a precise and deterministic computation. Unfortunately, these hardware-specific errors can get magnified while propagating along with the layers of the deep neural network. In this paper, we show that the inability to implement parameters of the already trained network with enough precision can completely stop the network from performing any meaningful operation. However, even at this level of degradation, the feature extractor section of the network still extracts enough information from which an acceptable level of performance can be achieved by just retraining the last classification layers of the network. Our results suggest that instead of just blindly trying to implement software algorithms in hardware as precisely as possible, it might be more efficient to implement neural networks with imperfect devices and circuits and let the network itself compensate for these imprecise computations by only retraining few layers.

Keywords

Artificial neural networks, memristor, in-memory computation, convolutional neural networks, imprecise computation, fault tolerance

First Page

2797

Last Page

2807

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